동사의 시제

English/문법 | 2007/04/08 01:45 | adioshun


동사의 시제(Tense)




          기본시제 ????? 현재 I write a letter.

                     ??? 과거 I wrote a letter.

                     ??? 미래 I will write a letter.

          완료시제 ????? 현재완료 I have written a letter.

                    ???? 과거완료 I had written a letter

                    ???? 미래완료 I will have written a letter.

          진행시제 ????? 현재진행      I am writing a letter.

                    ???? 과거진행      I was writing a letter

                    ???? 미래진행      I will be writing a letter.

                    ???? 현재완료진행  I have been writing a letter.

                    ???? 과거완료진행  I had been writing a letter.

                    ???? 미래완료진행  I will have been writing a letter.



Ⅰ. 동사의 활용


    ?동사란 사물의 동작·상태를 나타내는 품사로서, 문의 구성상 술어가 되는 핵심 역할을 한다.

      즉, 술어의 역할을 할 때, 원형(Root), 과거형(Past), 과거분사형(Past Participle)의

      세 기본형이 있는데, 이 세 기본형의 변화를 동사의 활용이라고 한다.

      규칙동사와 불규칙동사가 있다.

  


1. 현재시제


    1) 형식 :

      ?현재시제의 형식은 be, have 동사를 제외한 일반동사는 3인칭 단수에 -s, -es를

        붙이는 것 외에는 모두 원형과 같다.

      ?어미가 [s,z,?,?,t?,d?]의 음으로 끝나면 -es를 붙인다.

        ?kisses, buzzes, washes

      ?어미가 'o'이면 '-es'를 붙이며, 어미가 ?자음+y?이면 y를 'i'로 고치고'-es'를 붙인다.

        ?goes,  echoes,  does[d?z],  hurry → hurries,  (buy → buys)

    2) 현재시제의 용법


      ① 현재의 사실?동작?상태를 나타낼 때

        ?He studies English hard.

        ?I am happy now.

        ?He lives in England.

        ?I see he swimming in the pool.

      ② 현재의 습관?반복적인 동작, 직업, 성격, 능력...

        ?I brush my teeth before I go to bed.

        ?I get up at six every morning.

        ?He teaches English.

        ?He never takes sugar in his coffee.

      ③ 불변의 진리, 사실, 속담.

       ?Two and two make four.

        ?The sun rises in the east.

        ?The moon shines at night.

        ?The earth moves round the sun.

        ?Light travels faster than sound.

        ?Honesty is the best policy.

      ④ 역사적 현재 : 과거의 사실을 눈앞에 생생하게 표현하는 수사적 용법.

        ?In the end Hamlet kills Claudius and avenges his father's death.

        ?Caesar crosses the Rubicon and enters Italy.

      ⑤ 옛사람, 옛날 책에 쓰인 말을 인용할 때 현재형을 씀으로서 생생한 표현이 된다.

        ?Dryden says that none but the brave deserve(s) the fair.

          (용자만이 미인을 얻을 수 있다고 드라이든은 말한다.)

      ⑥ 미래시제 대용.

         ?왕래발착(往來發着)동사 go, come, start, leave, arrive, depart, meet, return, sail,

           ride나 개시를 나타내는 begin 등의 동사는 미래를 나타내는 부사, 부사구와 함께

           현재시제나 현재진행형의 형태로 미래를 나타낸다.

          ? The train arrives at 7:30 this evening.

          ?He starts (= will start) for seoul tomorrow morning.

          ?School begins tomorrow.

          ?He comes here the day after tomorrow.

          ?I am going to Pusan tomorrow.

      ⑦시간·조건 부사절에서 현재형이 미래를 대신한다. (명사절이나 형용사절에서는 미래 시제를 그          대로 쓴다)

          ?I will not start if it rains tomorrow.(조건)

          ?I shall be ready when you come back.

          ?I will go fishing if it is(be) fine tomorrow.

          ?Let's go to meet him before it rains.

           명사절과 형용사절에서는 미래형을 쓴다.

          ?I don't know if it will rain tomorrow.

          ?I want to know when he will come back.(시간)

        ?I don't know the day when they will go there.


2. 과거시제


    1) 규칙활용


      ? 과거형은 동사의 원형에 -ed를 붙여 과거?과거분사를 만든다.

       ① 원형의 어미에 -ed를 붙인다.

             ex) play-played-played           work-worked-worked

                 want-wanted-wanted

       ② -e로 끝나는 동사는 -d를 붙인다.

             ex) live-lived-lived             like-liked-liked

       ③ [자음+y]로 끝나는 동사는 y를 i로 고쳐 -ed를 붙인다.

             ex) study-studied-studied        try-tried-tried

       ④ 1음절어로서 어미가 ?단모음+단자음?으로 끝나는 동사는 자음을 겹쳐 쓰고

          -ed를 붙인다.

             ex) stop-stopped-stopped         beg-begged-begged

           단, ?단모음+2개의 자음 또는 장모음(또는 2개의 모음자) + 단자음?일

            때는 끝의 자음자를 더 쓰지 않고 그대로 -ed만을 붙인다.

            ex 1) help - helped,    seat - seated.


      ?2음절의 동사가 ?단모음 + 단자음?으로 끝나고 악센트가 뒤 음절에 오면

        자음을 중복하고 -ed를 붙인다.(현재분사형도 같은 원리임)

          adm?t admitted

          comm?t committed

          pref/er → preferred, 

          occ/ur → occurred.

         그러나 2음절 동사에서 앞음절에 accent가 오면 그대로 -ed만을 붙인다.

         v?sit visited

         l?mit limited - limited.

          o/ffer→ offered,  

      ?picnic → picnicked, 

        mimic → mimicked.

      ⑤ -(e)d의 발음

         ㉠ 원형이 무성음인 [p], [k], [f], [s], [?], [?]등으로 끝나는 말은 [t]로

            발음된다.

            ex 1) walk[w?:k] - walked[w?:kt]

                2) stop[stap] - stopped[stapt]

          ㉡ [d], [t]로 끝나는 말은 [id]로 발음된다.

            ex 1) wait[weit] - waited[weitid]

                2) mend - mended[m?ndid]

          ㉢ 그 외의 유성음으로 끝나는 말은 [d]로 발음된다.

            ex 1) live[liv] - lived[livd]

                2) cry - cried[kraid]


    2) 불규칙활용: 어미에 -ed를 붙이지 않고 다른 형태를 사용하는 것.


      ① A - A - A 형

   

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

burst

burst

burst

파열하다

cast

cast

cast

던지다

cost

cost

cost

비용이 들다

cut

cut

cut

자르다

hit

hit

hit

치다

hurt

hurt

hurt

상처를 입히다

let

let

let

시키다

put

put

put

놓다

set

set

set

두다

shed

shed

shed

흘리다

shut

shut

shut

닫다

spread

spread

spread

퍼지다

thrust

thrust

thrust

찌르다

upset

upset

upset

뒤엎다

read

read

read

읽다

        


      ② A - B - A 형

        

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

become

became

become

--이 되다

come

came

come

오다

run

ran

run

달리다


      ③ A - A - B 형

        

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

beat

beat

beaten

계속해서 때리다

 

 

 

 


      ④ A - B - B 형

        

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

bend

bent

bent

구부리다

bring

brought

brought

가져오다

buy

bought

bought

사다

catch

caught

caught

잡다

creep

crept

crept

기다

deal

dealt

dealt

다루다

dig

dug

dug

파다

dwell

dwelt

dwelt

거주하다, 살다

feed

fed

fed

먹이를 주다

feel

felt

felt

느끼다

fight

fought

fought

싸우다

hear

heard

heard

듣다

hold

held

held

잡다, 손에 들다

keep

kept

kept

지키다

lead

led

led

이끌다

leave

left

left

떠나다

lend

lent

lent

빌려주다

lose

lost

lost

잃다

mean

meant

meant

의미하다

meet

met

met

만나다

pay

paid

paid

지불하다

say

said

said

말하다

seek

sought

sought

찾다, 구하다

sell

sold

sold

팔다

shine

shone

shone

빛나다

shoot

shot

shot

쏘다

sleep

slept

slept

잠자다

spend

spent

spent

소비하다

spin

spun

spun

잣다

stand

stood

stood

서다

stick

stuck

stuck

찌르다

strike

struck

struck

치다

sweep

swept

swept

청소하다

swing

swung

swung

흔들다

teach

taught

taught

가르치다

think

thought

thought

생각하다

weep

wept

wept

울다

win

won

won

이기다

        




      ⑤ A - B - C 형

         see-saw-seen,   do-did-done,

        

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

begin

began

begun

시작하다

bite

bit

bitten, bit

물다

blow

blew

blown

불다

break

broke

broken

부수다

choose

chose

chosen

고르다

draw

drew

drawn

끌다

drink

drank

drunk

마시다

drive

drove

driven

운전하다

eat

ate

eaten

먹다

fly

flew

flown

날다

forget

forgot

forgotten

잊다

freeze

froze

frozen

얼다

grow

grew

grown

성장하다

hide

hid

hidden

숨기다

know

knew

known

알다

ride

rode

ridden

타다

ring

rang

rung

울리다

rise

rose

risen

오르다

shake

shook

shaken

흔들다

show

showed

shown

보이다

sing

sang

sung

노래하다

sink

sank

sunk

가라앉다

speak

spoke

spoken

말하다

steal

stole

stolen

훔치다

strive

strove

striven

노력하다

swear

swore

sworn

맹서하다

swim

swam

swum

헤엄치다

tear

tore

torn

찢다

throw

threw

thrown

던지다

wear

wore

worn

입다

write

wrote

written

쓰다

        

      ⑥ 뜻에 따라 활용이 달라지는 불규칙 동사

        

현 재 형

의   미

과 거

과거분사형

bear

참다

bore

borne

낳다

bore

born

bid

명령하다, 말하다

bade

bidden

값을 메기다

bid

bid

hang

걸다

hung

hung

교수형에 처하다

hanged

hanged

lie

눕다

lay

lain

거짓말하다

lied

lied



      ⑦ 혼동하기 쉬운 불규칙동사 Ⅰ

        

현 재 형

과 거 형

과거분사형

의   미

bind

bound

bound

묶다

bound

bounded

bounded

되튀다

fall

fell

fallen

떨어지다, 쓰러지다

fell

felled

felled

쓰러뜨리다

find

found

found

발견하다

found

founded

founded

창립하다, 세우다

fly

flew

flown

날다

flow

flowed

flowed

흐르다

lie

lay

lain

눕다

lay

laid

laid

눕히다

see

saw

seen

보다

saw

sawed

sawed, sawn

톱질하다

sit

sat

sat

앉다

set

set

set

두다

sit

sat

sat

앉다

set

set

set

두다

wind

wound

wound

감다

wound

wounded

wounded

상처를 입히다

welcome

welcomed

welcomed

환영하다

overcome

overcame

overcame

이겨내다, 극복하다

        


      ⑧ 혼동하기 쉬운 주요 불규칙 동사 Ⅱ


      ?bear - bore - born  : 태어나다.    (by~부사구가 있을 땐 borne을 씀)

        bear - bore - borne : 참다, 견디다. (태어나다 이외의 뜻으로 쓰일 때)

        ?He was born in 1965.

        ?He was borne by Eve. (그는 이브가 낳은 아이였다.)

        ?The noise can't be borne. (그 소음을 더이상 참을 수가 없다.)

        ?The voice was borne on the wind. (사람의 목소리가 바람에 들려왔다.)


      ? lie [lai] :  ? 거짓말.

                   ㉶ 거짓말을 하다.       (lie - lied - lied - lying)

                   ㉶ 드러눕다, 놓여있다.   (lie - lay - lain - lying)

         lay [lei] : ㉹ 놓다, 두다(put).      (lay - laid - laid - laying)

        ?He is telling a lie.

        ?His body lies in the churchyard. (그는 교회묘지에 잠들어 있다.)

        ?He lay on the grass enjoying the sunshine.

           (그는 햇빛을 쬐면서 풀밭에 누워있었다.)

        ?I lay my hand on his shoulder. (나는 내 손을 그의 어깨에 올려놓는다.)

        ?The man lay under suspicion. (그 남자는 혐의를 받고 있었다.)

        ?She has laid the table for dinner. (그녀는 저녁 식탁을 차렸다.)

        ?A railroad was laid across the island. (섬을 가로질러 철도가 가설되었다.)


      ? fall [f?:l] : ? 낙하, 떨어짐, 폭포, 가을.

                    ㉶ 떨어지다, 낙하하다.  (fall - fell - fallen)

         fell [fel]  : ㉹ 넘어뜨리다.   (fell - felled - felled)

        ?The book fell from the table to the floor.  (책은 테이블에서 마루로 떨어졌다.)

        ?The temperature fell rapidly.  (기온이 갑자기 내려갔다.)

        ?He felled his enemy with a single blow.  (그는 적을 일격에 쓰러뜨렸다.)

        ?He fells trees in the mountains.  (그가 산에서 나무를 베어내고 있다.)


      ? wind [wind]   : ? 바람.

         wind [waind]  : ㉶ 굽이치다.

                         ㉹ 둥글게 감다, 돌리다, 감아 올리다.

                             wind - wound [waund] - wound [waund]

         wound [wu:nd] : ? 부상, 상처.

                          ㉹ 상처 입히다.

                             wound - wounded [wu:ndid] - wounded [wu:ndid]

        ?There's no wind today. (오늘은 바람이 없다.)

        ?The river winds its way to the sea. (강은 꾸불꾸불 바다로 흘러든다.)

        ?The path wound up the hillside. (길은 산허리를 꾸불꾸불 올라갔다.)

        ?He wound up his watch. (그는 시계 태엽을 감았다.)

        ?He has a bullet wound in the left arm. (그는 왼팔에 총상이 있다.)

        ?Twenty soldiers were wounded. (20명의 군인이 부상당했다.)


      ? rise [raiz]  : ㉶ 일어나다, (해가) 뜨다.  rise - rose[rouz] - risen[rizn]

         raise [reiz] : ㉹ 들어올리다, 일으키다, (문제를) 제기하다, 모집하다.

                                               raise - raised - raised[reizd]

        ?I rise at seven every morning. (매일 아침 일곱 시에 일어난다.)

        ?Bubbles rose from the bottom of the lake. (거품이 호수바닥에서 물위로 떠올랐다.)

        ?Please raise your hand. (손을 드십시오.)

        ?He raised funds for a holiday. (휴가에 쓸 자금을 조달했다.)

        ?The farmers here raise crops and cattle.

           (이곳에 사는 농부들은 농작물과 가축을 기른다.)


  ? hang : ㉹ 걸다, 매달다, 널다.          (hang - hung - hung)

     hang : ㉹ 목매달다, 교수형에 처하다.  (hang - hanged - hanged)

        ?She hung the washing out in the garden. (그녀는 뜰에다 세탁물을 널었다.)

        ?He was hanged for murder. (그는 살인죄로 교수형에 처해졌다.)

        ?I hung the pictures as high as I could.  (가능한 한 나는 그 그림을 높이 걸었다.)


   ? bind [baind]  :  ㉹ 묶다, 감다.  (bind - bound - bound[baund])

      bound [baund] : ? 한계, 범위.

                      ㉹ 튀어 오르다, 튀다. (bound - bounded - bounded)

                      ? (~을 향해) 떠나는, ~행(行)의.

        ?I bound him hand and foot.  (나는 그의 손발을 묶었다.)

        ?She bound the package with a bright ribbon.

           (그녀는 밝은 색 리본으로 그 짐을 묶었다.)

        ?There are no bounds to his ambition. (그의 야망에는 끝이 없다.)

        ?The ship is bound for San Francisco. (그 배는 샌프란시스코 행이다.)

        ?The ball bounded back from the wall. (공이 담에서 되튀어 왔다.)


      ? find [faind]  :  ㉹ 발견하다.  (find - found - found[faund])

         found [faund] : ㉹ 설립하다.  (found - founded - founded)

        ?I found a dollar on the floor. (마루에서 1달러를 발견했다.)

        ?They collected funds and founded a school.

           (그들은 기금을 모아 학교를 설립했다.)


      ? see [si:]:  ㉹ 보다. (see - saw - seen)

         saw [s?:]: ㉹ 톱으로 자르다. (saw - sawed - sawed 또는 sawn[s?:n]

         sow [sou]: ㉹ 씨를 뿌리다. (sow - sowed - sowed[soud] 또는 sown[soun]

         sew [sou]: ㉹ 바느질하다, 꿰매다. (sew - sewed - sewed[soud] 또는 sewn[soun])

        ?He sawed the log into planks. (통나무를 톱질하여 널빤지로 만들었다.)

        ?She has been sewing all evening. (그녀는 저녁 내내 바느질을 하고 있다.)

        ?It's too soon to sow yet. (파종하기에는 아직 너무 이르다.)

   *현재분사(동명사) 만드는 법

       ① 동사의 원형에 -ing을 붙인다.

         ex) study-studying                work-working

       ② -e로 끝나는 동사는 e를 빼고 -ing을 붙인다.

         ex) live-living                   write-writing

         ((cf.)) see-seeing

       ③ -ie로 끝나는 동사는 ie를 y로 고쳐서 -ing을 붙인다.

          ex 1) die - dying,  lie - lying.

       ④ 1음절어로서 ?단모음+단자음?으로 끝나는 1음절의 말은 자음을 겹쳐 쓴 다음

         -ing를 붙인다.

             ex) swim-swimming.     run-running

       ⑤ 2음절 이상의 말로서 ?단모음 + 단자음?으로 끝나고 마지막 음절에 강세가

          있으면 자음을 겹쳐 쓰고 -ing을 붙인다.

             ex) beg?n-beginning

          그러나 첫 음절에 강세가 있으면 자음을 겹쳐 쓰지 않는다.

             ex) v?sit-visiting,    l?mit - limiting.

  3) 과거시제의 용법

     ① 과거의 동작, 상태, 습관?반복, 경험.

        ?The hosts met their guests. (동작)

        They went to America last year.

        ?He lived with his aunt when he was a boy. (동작)

        ?He was rich once. (상태)

        ?In those days I got up earlier in the morning. (습관)

        ?Did you ever see a giraffe? (경험)

        ?World War Ⅱ broke out 1n 1939.

        ?I used to get up early in the morning.  (used to + VR : 과거의 규칙적 습관)

        ?He would often sit up till late at night. (would + VR : 과거의 불규칙적 습관)

     ② 과거형이 과거완료를 대신하는 경우.

        ?접속사 when, after, till, before, as soon as 등의 접속사는 시간의 전후관계가 명확

          하므로 구태여 과거완료 시제를 쓸 필요가 없음.

        ?When I finished (= had finished) the work, I went out.

        ?I went out after I finished the work.

        ?The train started before I reached the station.


3. 미래시제


   

단 순 미 래 의  경 우

      구분

인칭

평  서  문

의  문  문

대    답

1

  I shall ~

  Shall I ~

  You will ~

2

  You will ~  

  Shall you ~

  I shall ~

3

  He will ~

  Will he ~

  He will ~


   

의 지 미 래 의  경 우

     구분

인칭

평  서  문

의  문  문

대    답

speaker의 의지

hearer의 의지

speaker의 의지

1

  I will ~

  Shall I ~

  ① 명령문

  ② You shall ~

2

  You shall ~

  Will you ~

  I will ~

3

  He shall ~

  Shall he ~

  ① Let him ~

  ② He shall ~



    1) 단순미래

      ?인간의 힘으로 좌우할 수 없는 자연현상이나, 능력, 감정, 필요, 성공, 실패, 기대 등과

        같이 단순한 미래 사항을 나타내는 경우를 단순미래라 한다.

        (美語에서는 전부 Will I?,  Will you? 로 통용된다.)


      ① 자연 현상

        ?I shall be sixteen years old next year.

        ?It will rain tomorrow.


      ② 능력

       ?When shall I be able to speak English well?

       ?You will be able to speak English well next year.


      ③ 감정

       ?Shall you not be glad to see him?     

       ?I shall be glad to see him.


      ④ 필요

       ?Shall you need so much money when you go abroad for studying?

       ?Perhaps I shall need then.


      ⑤ 성공, 실패, 기대

       ?Will he pass the examination?  --- No, he will fail.

       ?Shall you meet him tomorrow? --- Perhaps I shall.

      ⑥ 자연적 결과

       ?If I drive the horse too hard, I shall kill him.


    2) 의지미래

      ?인간의 힘(의지)으로 좌우할 수 있는 미래동작인데, 화자의 의지와 청자의 의지가 있다.

      ?화자(speaker)의 의지 : 말하는 사람이 문의 주어에 대하여 자기의 결심, 욕망 같은

        의지를 나타낸다.

       ?I will revenge myself on my enemy. (결심)

       ?Do as I tell you, or you shall die.  (? or, I will let you die.) : 위협

       ?No man shall take this without my permission. (금지)

       ?You shall have a watch on your birthday. (약속)

      ?청자(hearer)의 의지 : 의문문에서 질문을 받는 사람의 의지가 되고,

                             이에 대답을 할 때는 대답을 하는 사람의 의지가 된다.

       ?Shall I have it? (=Will you let me have it?)

       ?Will you come and help me if possible?

       ?Shall he come in?  (=Will you let him come in?)


    3) will의 특수용법

      ① 주어의 강한 의지를 말할 때는 생물·무생물·인칭을 막론하고 will을 쓴다.

         (주어 자체의 의지는 모두 will을 사용한다.)

        ?If you will grant my request, I shall be much obliged to you.

        ?She will have her own way in everything.

        ?Boys will be boys.  Children will do like children.

      ② 현재의 습관이나 경향을 말할 때

        ?He spends all the money that he has, as students will.

        ?She will sometimes sit up all night, poring over novels.

        ?Dogs will bark when a stranger comes near them.


    4) shall의 특수용법

      ① 명령·규칙·권위 있는 문서에서는 의지 여하에 관계없이 shall을 쓴다.

        ?Article 1 : The Republic of Korea shall be a democratic republic.

        ?Article 9 : All citizens shall be equal before the law.

      ② 예언을 말할 때

        ?East is East, and West is West, and never the twain shall meet.

        ?Ask, and it shall be given you.

        ?All they that take the sword shall perish with the sword.  - Jespersen-

      ③ I will보다 더 강한 의지를 나타낼 때는 I shall을 쓴다.

        ?I shall punish you severly if you do that again.

        ?I shan't do such a foolish thing again.

     ※ 미래형 대신에 쓰이는 관용어

        a) be going to + 원형= ~하려고 하다.  ~할 예정이다.

           I am going to visit Mr. Kim this afternoon.

         = I will visit Mr. Kim this afternoon.

        b) be about to + 원형= 막 ~하려고 하다.

             ex) They were about to leave.

        c) be supposed to + 원형= ~하기로 되어있다.

             ex) What time are they supposed to arrive here?

4. 진행시제


    1) 현재진행형 (am, are, is + ~ing)

      ?It is raining now.       (현재 진행 중인 동작)

      ?He is always grumbling.  (습관적인 동작)

      ?always, constantly, continually 등의 부사가 현재진행형과 함께 쓰이면

        반복적인 동작이나 습관 등을 나타냄.

      ?미래를 나타내는 부사구와 함께 쓰이면 현재 진행형이 가까운 미래를 나타낼 수 있다.

        (특히 왕래발착동사의 경우에 현재진행형은 미래를 뜻하는 부사(구)와 함께 쓰여

           가까운 미래를 나타낸다.)

      ?We are giving a party this evening.

         = We will give a party this evening.

      ?Is she coming back soon?

         = Will she come back soon?)

      ?We are leaving for Seoul tonight.

      ?be going to ~의 용법

        ⓐ The ice is going to crack.(얼음이 방금 깨지려고 한다) = be about to + VR

        ⓑ The party is going to be a great success. (~할 것이다)

        ⓒ My father is going to buy a new car.      (~할 예정이다)


    2) 과거진행형 (was, were + ~ing)

      ?He was reading a novel when I entered the room.

      ?He read a novel when I entered the room. (×)

      ?I was studying English when you called on me yesterday.

      ?과거의 어느 시점에 진행 중인 동작을 나타내므로 과거진행형 사용.


    3) 미래진행형 (will, shall + be + ~ing)

     ?He will be reading a novel when we go to bed.

     ?We'll be thinking of you when we get to paris.

     ?when~은 시간부사절이므로 미래시제 대신 현재시제를 사용.

     현재완료 진행형- [have(or has) been + -ing]

             ex) He has been living here for five years.

                 (현재완료보다 진행의 뜻이 뚜렷이 나타남)

                He has lived here for five years.[현재완료]

    4) 과거완료 진행형- [had been + -ing]

             ex) She had been saving money for her children.

    5) 미래완료 진행형- [will(or shall) + have been + -ing]

             ex) It will have been raining for five days by tomorrow.


         


    4) 진행형을 쓰지 않는 동사 (지감소상: 지각, 감정, 소유, 상태 등을 나타내는 동사 see, hear,            have, love, know 등은 진행형을 쓰지 못한다.)

        ex) I love you. (○),   I am loving you. (×)

      ① 존재(be, exist)나 상태(seem, look, appear, know, resemble) 등을 나타내는 동사.

        ?You look much worried.

        ?I know the language. (○)

          →I am knowing the language. (×)

        ?He resembles his father.          (○)

          → He is resembling his father.    (×) : 진행형 불가능

          → He resembles with his father.  (×) : resemble은 타동사이므로 with 사용 불가능

          → He is resembled by his father. (×) : 수동태로 사용 불가능


      ② 지각 (feel, see, smell, hear, taste)을 나타내는 동사.

        ?I see her swimming in the pool.

        ?I see a map on the wall. (○) → 무의지(am seeing은 불가)

          I am seeing the sights of Seoul. (○) → 구경하다.

           I am watching television. (○) → 의지동사이므로 가능.

        ?see가 의지동사로서 ?구경하다, 면회하다?의 뜻일 땐 진행형이 가능하며,

          hear가 ?청강하다?의 뜻일 땐 진행형이 가능하다.

        ?They are hearing lectures.

        ?I am seeing the sights of Seoul.

        ? look at은 의지동사로서 ?~을 보다? 이므로 진행형이 가능하며,

           listen to 역시 의지동사로서 ?귀를 기울이다?의 뜻일 땐 진행형이 가능.


      ③ 소유 (have, belong, possess, own)를 나타내는 동사.

        ?I have some money with me.           (○)

          → I am having some money with me.   (×)

       *그러나 일시적인 동작과 동사의 의미가 변할 때에는 진행형을 쓸 수 있다.

        ?He is having breakfast. (○)

        ?Where is she having lunch now? (= eating)

        ?have가 소유의 뜻이 아닌 다른 의미로 쓰이면 진행형이 가능하다.

        ?belong to는 ?~속하다, ~의 소유이다?의 뜻이므로 진행형을 쓸 수 없음.

        ?This house belongs to me.



5. 현재완료 (have + pp)


   과거완료의 영역       현재완료의 영역        미래완료의 영역

     (had+p.p)              (have + p.p)      (will(shall) + have + p.p)

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? time

    ↑                  ↑               ↑                           ↑

  대과거               과거             현재                         미래


    ?현재완료는 현재에 있어서의 동작의 완료, 현재까지의 경험, 과거 동작이 현재에 미치는

      결과, 현재까지의 동작·상태의 계속을 나타낸다.(과거에 일어난 동작이나 상태를 현재와 관련지어       표현)


    1) 완료 (just, already, by this time, yet 등과 함께 쓰임): ?막 ~하였다?란 뜻으로 동작의 완료         표현

      ?과거의 어느 한 시점부터 시작된 동작이 현재에 와서 완료됨을 표현.

      ?주로 just, already, today, this year, recently, not yet, by this time등과 함께 사용된다.

      ?과거를 나타내는 ago, yesterday, then, last, when, just now 등과 함께 쓸 수 없음.

      ?just, now는 현재완료와 함께 사용하나, just now는 반드시 과거시제와 함께 사용

      ?yet는 의문문, 부정문에 사용되며, already는 긍정문에 쓰인다.

        already가 의문문에 사용되면 놀람을 나타낸다.

      ?He has just come back home.   (○)

        → He came home just now.     (○)

        → He has come home just now. (×)

      ?I have just read the book through.

      ?I have already finished my work.

      ?Twenty years have gone by since then.

      ?Spring has come. (봄이 왔다.) : 동작

        Spring is come. (봄이 왔다.) : 상태

      ?Has the bell rung yet? (종이 벌써 울렸니?)

        No, it has not rung yet. (아직 안 울렸다.)

        Yes, it has rung already. (벌써 울렸다.)

      ?Has he left here already?

      ?When have you read the book through? (×)

        When did you read the book through?  (○)

      ?I have read the book yesterday. (×)

        I read the book yesterday. (○)


   2) 결과적 용법: ?~해 버렸다(그래서 그 결과 지금은 ~하다)?란 의미.

      ? She has bought a new car. (과거에 사서 지금도 가지고 있다)

        = She bought a new car and has it now.

      ?I have lost my watch. (=Now I have no watch.)

        = I lost my watch, and I don't have it now.

      ?Thousand books have been written about Korea.

      ?He has gone out for a walk. (=He is not at home now.)

      ?have gone (to)는 1, 2인칭에는 사용하지 못함.

         ? I have gone to the station. (×)

         ? You have gone to London. (×)


    3) 경험 (과거에서 현재까지): ?~한 적이 있다?란 뜻으로 지금까지의 경험 표시.

      ?현재완료시제인 have + p.p가 과거 어느 때부터 지금까지의 경험을 나타낼 땐

        ever, never, once, before, seldom, sometimes, often, twice, many times 등과 함께 쓰임.

      ?Have you ever seen a tiger?  Yes, I have.

      ?I have never seen a whale.

      ?I have been to the station to see my friend off. (have been to: ∼에 갔다왔다)

      ?Have you ever been in Pusan?

      ? I have seen a lion twice.

      ? Mr. Kim has been to Japan twice.

           

    4) 계속: 과거의 어떤 상태가 지금까지 ?~해 오고 있다?는 의미를 갖는다.

          주로 since, for 등과 함께 사용된다.

      ?상태의 계속 - 현재완료  ?have + p.p?

      ?동작의 계속 - 현재완료 진행형  ?have been + ~ing?

      ?I have known him since I was a child. 

      ?He has been ill for several days.

      ?We have been living in Seoul these four years.

      ?What have you been doing all this while?

      ?He has been dead for seven years.

        = It is seven years since he died.

        = Seven years have passed since he died.

        = He died seven years ago.

      ?I have known her since she was a child. (○)  (상태의 계속)

        → I have been knowing her since she was a child. (×)

      ?I have known him from a child. (상태의 계속)

      ?He has been studying English for ten years. (○) (동작의 계속)

      ?I have been writing this letter for two hours. (동작의 계속)

         ? 완료시제의 계속적 용법 중 동작의 계속은 진행형을 써서 나타낸다.

       *since와 from의 비교.

          sine는 ?~이래 지금까지(from ~ till now)?의 뜻으로 ?계속?을 뜻하는

                 현재완료와 주로 쓰이며, 흔히 과거의 어느 때를 나타내는 부사어구

                 와 함께 쓰인다.

          from은 단순히 어떤 동작의 출발점을 보일 뿐 계속을 나타내지 않으며,

                 흔히 기간을 나타내는 어구와 함께 쓰인다.

                   ex 1) He has lived here since 1980.

                        They have talked with each other for three hours.

    ?구어에서는 종종 have got는 완료의 뜻이 전혀 없이 have의 의미로 사용될 때가 있다.

        ?Have you got a pen?   --- Yes, I have got one.

        ?You have got to do this.  (=You have to do this.)

    *have(has) been to[in] ~

             ex) I have been to Inchon twice.          [경험]

                 I have been to the station.            [완료]

                 I have been in Pusan.                [경험]

                 He has been in Korea for two years.  [계속]

         ?have gone to?와 ?have been to?를 혼동하지 말 것.

                    ex 1) She has gone to Japan.  (결과)

                          She has been to Japan twice.  (경험)

    5) 부사절에서 현재완료는 미래완료의 대용이며, 완료의 뜻을 강조한다.

      ?I'll lend you the book as soon as I have done with it.


    6) 최상급의 의미를 강조하기 위한 현재완료

      ?He is the greatest poet that has ever lived. (비교급 참조)

     ※ 현재완료는 명백한 과거의 뜻을 나타내는 부사와 함께 쓸 수 없다.

         그러나, before는 쓸 수 있다.

             ex) He has gone to England yesterday.  (×)

                 He went to England yesterday.      (○)

                 When has she gone downtown?     (×)

                 When did she go downtown?        (○)

                 I met him before.                   (○)

                 I have met him before.              (○)

6. 과거완료 (had + p.p)

    ?현재완료의 기준점이 현재인데 비해서, 과거완료의 기준 점은 과거의 어느 정해진 때이다.

      즉, 과거의 어느 일정한 때를 기준으로 해서, 그 때까지의 동작과 상태의 완료 · 경험 ·

      결과 · 계속을 나타낸다.


    1) 완료

      ?They had arrived at the house before night fell.

      ?I had already finished the work when(before) he came.

      ?When I entered the classroom, the lesson had already started.


    2) 결과

      ?Spring had come by the time she was well again. (결과)

      ?When I reached the station, the train had already started.

      ?When I bought a house, he had already bought a building.


    3) 경험

      ?I recognized Mrs. Brown at once, for I had seen her several times before.

      ?I spoke to her whom I had never met before.

    4) 계속 : 상태의 계속 - had + p.p.

             동작의 계속 - had been + ~ing.

      ?He had been ill in bed for a week when I came back. (상태의 계속)

      ?I had been reading for two hours when he returned. (동작의 계속)

      ?He had lived there for ten years when his mother died.

      ?I had been waiting for an hour when he returned.

      ?The river was swollen, for it had rained for three days.

    5)대과거: 과거의 어떤 때보다 먼저 일어난 동작은 과거완료로 나타낸다.

                  사건이 일어난 순서로 나타낼 때에는 과거 시제를 쓴다.

       ?I sold the watch which I had bought the previous day.

           = I bought a watch and sold it the next day.

      6)no sooner ∼than,

       hardly (scarcely)∼ when(before) 은 과거완료를 쓰며, 주어가 도치된다.

      ?as soon as는 통상 과거로 쓴다.

      ?No sooner had they seen a policeman come than they ran away.

        =As soon as they saw a policeman come, they ran away.

      ?Hardly had the plane taken off before it began to blow hard.


    7)소망동사와 과거완료

      ?expect, intend, want, desire, hope, think, mean, suppose등 소망의 뜻이 있는 동사가

        과거완료에 쓰이면 이루지 못한 사실을 나타낸다.

      ?We had hoped that we should be able to call on you.


7. 미래완료 (will 또는 shall + have + p.p.):~하게 될 것이다

   ?미래의 어느 일정한 때를 기준으로 해서, 그 때까지의 동작과 상태의 완료, 경험, 결과, 계속

      등을 나타낸다. 


    1) 완료

      ?I shall have finished the work by the time you come.

      ?by the time은 시간을 표시하는 부사절이므로 미래시제 will come 대신 현재시제 come

        을 사용한다.


    2) 결과

      ?When you wake these fancies will have gone.

      ?She will have been married in ten years.


    3) 경험

      ?I shall have read the poem three times if I read it again.

      ?If I read Hamlet once more, I shall have read it five times.

      ?If he goes go England again, he will have been there twice.


    4) 계속 : 상태의 계속 - will(shall) have + p.p.

              동작의 계속 - will(shall) have + p.p. + ~ing.

      ?He will have been in hospital for two weeks by next Sunday.

      ?I shall have been reading this novel by noon.

      ?He will have lived here for full ten years by April next.

      ?He will have been teaching in this school for full ten years by March next.


출처 : http://blog.naver.com/yutori4093/35019133

2007/04/08 01:45 2007/04/08 01:45
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